This paper analyses the salary differences between rural and urban workers in the states of Amazonas and Pará. This analysis was conducted for the two largest states in northern Brazil, as they have different socioeconomic and labor market characteristics. Specifically, we examine the extent to which investment in human capital and non-productive attributes affect income differences. We used the Continuous National Household Sample Survey for 2011, 2013, and 2015. We find that highly educated and experienced workers obtain higher wage increases through the fixed-effects pseudo-panel and Oaxaca-Blinder methodologies. Urban workers earn higher wages than rural workers, as well as those residing in the state of Pará. In the state of Amazonas, the wage difference is impacted by non-productive attributes explained by segmentation in the labor market, such as government administration and other activities in contrast to the agricultural sector.

Este artigo analisa as diferenças salariais entre trabalhadores rurais e urbanos do Amazonas e do Pará. Esta análise foi feita para os dois maiores estados da região Norte por possuírem características socioeconômicas e de mercado de trabalho distintas. Especificamente, verificou-se até que ponto o investimento em capital humano e os atributos não produtivos impactam as diferenças de rendimentos. Utilizou-se a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua para 2011, 2013 e 2015. Através das metodologias de pseudopainel com Efeitos Fixos e Oaxaca-Blinder verificou-se que os trabalhadores mais escolarizados e experientes obtêm maiores ganhos salariais. Os trabalhadores urbanos recebem maiores salários do que os trabalhadores rurais, bem como aqueles que residem no Pará. No estado do Amazonas, o que impactou a diferença salarial foram os atributos não produtivos explicados pela segmentação no mercado de trabalho, como a Administração Pública e Outras Atividades em comparação com o setor Agrícola.

Abstract This paper analyses the salary differences between rural and urban workers in the states of Amazonas and Pará. This analysis was conducted for the two largest states in northern Brazil, as they have different socioeconomic and labor market characteristics. Specifically, we examine the extent to which investment in human capital and non-productive attributes affect income differences. We used the Continuous National Household Sample Survey for 2011, 2013, and 2015. We find that highly educated and experienced workers obtain higher wage increases through the fixed-effects pseudo-panel and Oaxaca-Blinder methodologies. Urban workers earn higher wages than rural workers, as well as those residing in the state of Pará. In the state of Amazonas, the wage difference is impacted by non-productive attributes explained by segmentation in the labor market, such as government administration and other activities in contrast to the agricultural sector.

Resumo Este artigo analisa as diferenças salariais entre trabalhadores rurais e urbanos do Amazonas e do Pará. Esta análise foi feita para os dois maiores estados da região Norte por possuírem características socioeconômicas e de mercado de trabalho distintas. Especificamente, verificou-se até que ponto o investimento em capital humano e os atributos não produtivos impactam as diferenças de rendimentos. Utilizou-se a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua para 2011, 2013 e 2015. Através das metodologias de pseudopainel com Efeitos Fixos e Oaxaca-Blinder verificou-se que os trabalhadores mais escolarizados e experientes obtêm maiores ganhos salariais. Os trabalhadores urbanos recebem maiores salários do que os trabalhadores rurais, bem como aqueles que residem no Pará. No estado do Amazonas, o que impactou a diferença salarial foram os atributos não produtivos explicados pela segmentação no mercado de trabalho, como a Administração Pública e Outras Atividades em comparação com o setor Agrícola.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to suggest a care protocol for foreign-body ingestion, address the clinical aspects, and identify the ingested object, severity, and professional conduct. METHODS: This is a qualitative study. We used books and original articles published in national and international journals (BIREME, SCIELO, LILACS, and MEDLINE/PubMed) in Portuguese, Spanish, and English. RESULTS: The ingestion of a radiolucent object should be evaluated radiographically and with endoscopy for cases with symptoms of impaction and radiolucent objects. Coins are the most commonly involved foreign bodies. In asymptomatic patients, it often requires only a conservative form of management. Ingestion of batteries, magnets, and sharp objects carries a high risk of serious clinical complications and should have an endoscopic or surgical approach. In view of this, each pediatric emergency service, based on these recommendations, has the possibility to develop an individual protocol to identify and remove the ingested foreign body. CONCLUSIONS: Protocol of care for foreign-body ingestion in children depends on the object ingested, time of ingestion, symptoms, and local epidemiological context. This study provides some suggestions for decision-making in the conduct of health professionals.

Abstract Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular impairment, increasing the rates of atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic events. Additionally, adverse kidney events are directly linked with T2DM and cardiovascular diseases. In this context, the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have demonstrated both cardioprotective and renoprotective effects in patients with or without T2DM. Therefore, the present meta-analysis aims to evaluate cardiovascular outcomes involving SGLT2i as monotherapy or other add-on antidiabetic agents (ADA) in patients with or without T2DM. Objetive: The present meta-analysis aims to evaluate cardiovascular outcomes involving SGLT2i as monotherapy or add-on other ADA in patients with or without T2DM. Methods: The entrance criteria to SGLT2i studies were: describing any data regarding cardiovascular effects; enrolling more than 1,000 participants; being approved by either the FDA or the EU, and having available access to the supplementary data. The trial had to exhibit at least one of the following results: major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure, cardiovascular death, hospitalization for heart failure, renal or cardiovascular adverse events, or non-cardiovascular death. The significance level of 0.05 was adopted in the statistical analysis. Results: Nine trials with a total of 76,285 participants were included in the meta-analysis. SGLT2i reduced MACE (RR 0.75, 95% CI [0.55-1.01]), cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure (RR 0.72, 95% CI [0.55-0.93]), cardiovascular death (RR 0.66, 95% CI [0.48-0.91]), hospitalization for heart failure (RR 0.58, 95% CI [0.46-0.73]), renal or cardiovascular adverse events (RR 0.55, 95% CI [0.39-0.78]), and non-cardiovascular death (RR 0.88, 95% CI [0.60-1.00]). Conclusions: Conjunction overall data suggests that these drugs can minimize the risk of cardiovascular events, thus decreasing mortality in patients, regardless of the presence of T2DM.

Abstract Introduction: In minimally invasive mitral valve repair, right minithoracotomy is the most widely performed method, providing a good view of the mitral valve. But regarding other techniques and although it offers limited visualization, the periareolar access is a less traumatic alternative. This study’s purpose is to compare in-hospital outcomes in patients who underwent video-assisted minimally invasive mitral valve repair via right minithoracotomy and periareolar access. Methods: This is a retrospective observational study including 37 patients (> 18 years old), without previous right thoracic surgery, who underwent their primary mitral valve repair, with indication for minimally invasive video-assisted approach (via right minithoracotomy or periareolar access), between January 2018 and August 2019. Patients’ medical records were consulted to collect demographics data, operative details, and in-hospital outcomes. Results: Twenty-one patients underwent right minithoracotomy, and 16 were operated via periareolar access. The mean patients’ age was 62±12 years in the right minithoracotomy group and 61±9 years in the periareolar access group (P=0.2). There are no significant differences in incision length, cardiopulmonary bypass time, aortic cross-clamping time, hematocrit, amount of chest tube drainage, and intensive care unit and in-hospital length of stay. Time to extubation presented significant differences between the right minithoracotomy and the periareolar access group (4.85 hours vs. 5.62 hours, respectively) (P=0.04). Conclusion: In this study, we found similar results in the two applied surgical techniques, except for the time to extubation.

Abstract The aim of this work was to determine the total phenolic content and evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial, photoprotective and cytotoxic properties of corn silk ethanol extract prepared from corn silk that was air-dried at room temperature. Corn silk ethanol extract has a high content of phenolic compounds. The concentrations of ethanol extract required to produce 50% of maximal effect (EC50) in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays were 489.0 and 166.1 µg/mL respectively, indicating low activity when compared to the positive control. The ethanolic extract of corn silk showed antibacterial activity, mainly on Gram-positive bacteria. The in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) of the ethanolic extract of corn silk incorporated into sunscreen UVA-UVB 5% gel with Pemulen TR-1® was evaluated for the first time. A relative increase in SPF efficacy was observed for the extract when the sunscreen was incorporated. The ethanolic extract of corn silk and the gel were considered non-cytotoxic. The corn silk ethanolic extract was characterized using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). Eleven compounds including flavonoids, coumaric acid derivatives, terpenoid, hydroxycinnamic acid derivative and quinic acid derivative were suggested based on their accurate mass and MS/MS spectra.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has been declared a public health emergency of international interest, with confirmed cases in most countries. COVID-19 presents manifestations that can range from asymptomatic or mild infections up to severe manifestations that lead to hospitalization and death. A growing amount of evidence indicates that the virus may cause neuroinvasion. Postmortem brain study findings have included edema, hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, atrophy, encephalitis, infarcts, swollen axons, myelin loss, gliosis, neuronal satellitosis, hypoxic-ischemic damage, arteriolosclerosis, leptomeningeal inflammation, neuronal loss, and axon degeneration. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic is causing dangerous effects on the mental health of the world population, some of which can be attributed to its social impact (social distancing, financial issues, and quarantine). There is also a concern that environmental stressors, enhanced by psychological factors, are contributing to the emergence of psychiatric outcomes during the pandemic. Although clinical studies and diagnosing SARS-CoV-2-related neurological disease can be challenging, they are necessary to help define the manifestations and burden of COVID-19 in neurological and psychiatric symptoms during and after the pandemic. This review aims to present the neurobiology of coronavirus and postmortem neuropathological hallmarks.

Chromone derivatives exhibiting high absorbance values in the UVA/UVB region were synthesized, and their photoprotective properties were evaluated. Chromones were prepared according to known literature procedures and characterized by high resolution mass spectrometry, infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The in vitro solar protection factor (SPF) was determined by the Mansur method and cytotoxicity was evaluated using the sulforhodamine B assay. Two of the chromones synthesized demonstrated suitable SPF values and displayed no cytotoxic effect towards MRC-5 human fibroblasts at the tested concentrations, indicating great potential for future in vivo assays and clinical trials. Finally, the lead compound was incorporated into a nanoemulsion. Nanoemulsions showed high droplet size homogeneity and excellent stability. Chromones bearing methoxy substituents were found to be the most promising compounds with ideal photoprotective properties desirable for utilization and incorporation in sunscreen formulations.

A series of drugs was investigated to determine structural, electronic and pharmacological properties, as well as the molecular affinity for the main protease of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The drugs were submitted to density functional theory calculations to optimize structures and predict binding preferences. The optimized geometries were used in molecular docking simulations. In the docking study, the receiver was considered rigid and the drugs flexible. The Lamarckian genetic algorithm with global search and Pseudo-Solis and Wets with local search were adopted for docking. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicological properties were obtained from the Pre-ADMET online server. In this series, the antiviral atazanavir showed the potential to inhibit the main protease of SARS-CoV-2, based on the free binding energy, inhibition constant, binding interactions and its favorable pharmacological properties. Therefore, we recommend carrying out further studies with in vitro tests and subsequent clinical tests to analyze its effectiveness in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2.

RESUMO Atualmente, a doença de Parkinson (DP) tem seu diagnóstico baseado apenas na observação clínica de uma combinação de sintomas, o que pode levar ao diagnóstico tardio. Alguns indivíduos podem, em decorrência disso, ter a doença por 5 a 10 anos antes de serem diagnosticados. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as variáveis cinemáticas temporais da marcha, pois estas são capazes de discriminar idosos com e sem DP. Como método, 40 indivíduos foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo de idosos sem DP (n=21) e com DP (n=19). Foram obtidos dez ciclos de marcha consecutivos durante a marcha em velocidade de preferência, sendo utilizados para a análise dos dados. Realizou-se uma análise discriminativa para determinar um modelo preditor de alterações na marcha característico da DP. O modelo foi calculado com base na especificidade e sensibilidade de cada variável analisada, utilizando-se variáveis cinemáticas temporais. A variável com valor discriminativo de sensibilidade e especificidade foi o tempo de balanço, o que pode classificá-lo como a variável que possui grande potencial preditivo da presença ou não da DP, e o ponto de corte encontrado para essa variável foi de 0,48 segundos. A pesquisa concluiu que a análise cinemática da marcha permite discriminar um grupo de indivíduos com a doença de Parkinson de um grupo de indivíduos saudáveis, com alta sensibilidade e especificidade, por meio do tempo de balanço, visto que ele é menor no grupo acometido pela doença.

ABSTRACT Currently, Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is diagnosed based only on the clinical observation of a combination of symptoms, which can lead to late diagnosis, since some individuals may have the disease for 5 to 10 years before being diagnosed. The aim was to identify temporal kinematic variables of walking, capable of discriminating elderly people with and without PD. 40 individuals were divided into two groups: elderly group without PD (n=21) and with PD (n=19). Ten consecutive gait cycles were obtained during walking at a preferred speed and used for data analysis. A discriminative analysis was performed to determine a predictor model of gait changes, characteristic of PD and calculated based on the specificity and sensitivity of each variable analyzed, using temporal kinematic variables. The variable with discriminative value of sensitivity and specificity was the time of balance, which can be classified as the variable with most predictive potential of the presence or not of PD, and the cut of found for this variable was 0,48 seconds. The kinematic gait analysis allows to discriminate a group of individuals with PD from a group of healthy individuals with high sensitivity and specificity, through the time of balance that is lower in the group affected by the disease (cut of 0,48 seconds).

RESUMEN Actualmente, el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) se obtiene desde la observación clínica de una combinación de síntomas, lo que puede llevar a un diagnóstico tardío. Como resultado, algunas personas pueden haber adquirido la enfermedad entre 5 y 10 años antes de que fuesen diagnosticadas. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las variables cinemáticas temporales de la marcha, ya que son capaces de diferenciar a los ancianos con EP y a los ancianos sin EP. Se dividieron los 40 participantes en dos grupos: ancianos sin EP (n=21) y ancianos con EP (n=19). Se obtuvieron diez ciclos de marcha consecutivos durante la marcha a la velocidad preferida para el análisis de datos. Se realizó un análisis discriminante para determinar un modelo predictivo de cambios en la marcha característicos de la EP. El modelo se calculó con base en la especificidad y sensibilidad de cada variable analizada, utilizando variables cinemáticas temporales. La variable con valor discriminante de sensibilidad y especificidad fue el tiempo de equilibrio, que puede clasificarse como la variable con mayor potencial para predecir la presencia o no de EP; y el punto de cohorte encontrado para esta variable fue de 0,48 segundos. Se concluye que el análisis cinemático de la marcha puede discriminar a un grupo de individuos con enfermedad de Parkinson de un grupo de individuos sanos, con alta sensibilidad y especificidad, por medio del tiempo de equilibrio, que fue menor en el grupo afectado por la enfermedad.

Selecting a polymer depends on its characteristics, the properties of the drug and of the remaining ingredients in the formulation. The drug, when incorporated into a polymeric matrix, can show several advantages when compared with its conventional form. In this context, this work describes the preparation and characterization of polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) and its derivative particles loaded with benznidazole, as well as evaluates their trypanocidal activity. In this work, reactions to modify the PEG 4000 polymer and the subsequent incorporation of the benznidazole were made. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis confirmed the efficiency in modifying the PEG chains. The morphology of polymeric films was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and showed considerable changes on the film organization. The acetylation of PEG favored the stability of the system and an increase in the zeta potential from ?14.83 to ?25.54 mV was observed. Although encapsulation efficiency values between 30.14 and 39.48% were found, the enhanced benznidazole dissolution profile by microparticles enables the use of lower drug concentrations. This fact can be proven by the increased trypanocidal effect of benznidazole when encapsulated in BP3 microparticles. Finally, the high selectivity of the formulations for trypanocidal action guarantees their safety as an alternative for the treatment of the Chagas disease.

RESUMO Atualmente, a doença de Parkinson (DP) tem seu diagnóstico baseado apenas na observação clínica de uma combinação de sintomas, o que pode levar ao diagnóstico tardio, uma vez que alguns indivíduos podem ter a doença por 5 a 10 anos antes de serem diagnosticados. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar variáveis cinemáticas temporais da marcha capazes de discriminar idosos com e sem DP. 40 indivíduos foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo de idosos sem DP (n=21) e com DP (n=19). Dez ciclos de marcha consecutivos foram obtidos durante a marcha em velocidade de preferência, e utilizados para a análise dos dados. Realizou-se uma análise discriminativa para determinar um modelo preditor de alterações na marcha característico da DP e calculado com base na especificidade e sensibilidade de cada variável analisada, utilizando-se variáveis cinemáticas temporais. A variável com valor discriminativo de sensibilidade e especificidade foi o tempo de balanço, o que pode classificá-la como a variável com grande potencial preditivo da presença ou não da DP; o ponto de corte encontrado para essa variável foi de 0,48segundos. A análise cinemática da marcha permite discriminar um grupo de indivíduos com DP de um grupo de indivíduos saudáveis com alta sensibilidade e especificidade, por meio do tempo de balanço, menor no grupo acometido pela doença (corte de 0,48 segundos).

ABSTRACT Currently, Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is diagnosed based only on the clinical observation of a symptom combination, which can lead to late diagnosis, since some individuals have the disease for 5 to 10 years before diagnosis. The aim of this study was to identify temporal kinematic variables of gait, capable of discriminating older adults with or without PD. Forty individuals were divided into two groups: older adults without PD (n=21) and with PD (n=19). Ten consecutive gait cycles were obtained during gait at a preferred speed and then used in data analysis. Discriminative analysis was performed to determine a predictor model of gait changes, characteristic of PD, estimated based on the specificity and sensitivity of each analyzed variable, with temporal kinematic variables. The variable with discriminative value of sensitivity and specificity was swing time, which can be classified as the variable with most predictive potential of PD, and the cut-off point found for this variable was 0.48 seconds. Kinematic gait analysis allows discriminating a group of individuals with PD from a group of healthy individuals, with high sensitivity and specificity, through the swing time, which is lower in the group affected by the disease (cut-off=0.48 seconds).

RESUMEN Actualmente, el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) se obtiene desde la observación clínica de una combinación de síntomas, lo que puede llevar a un diagnóstico tardío, ya que algunas personas pueden haber adquirido la enfermedad entre 5 y 10 años antes de la realización del diagnóstico. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar variables cinemáticas temporales de la marcha capaces de diferenciar a ancianos con EP y ancianos sin EP. Se dividieron los 40 participantes en dos grupos: ancianos sin EP (n=21) y ancianos con EP (n=19). Para el análisis de datos, se obtuvieron diez ciclos de marcha consecutivos durante la marcha a la velocidad preferida. Se realizó un análisis discriminante para determinar un modelo predictivo de cambios en la marcha característicos de EP que se calcula en base a la especificidad y sensibilidad de cada variable analizada utilizando variables cinemáticas temporales. La variable con valor discriminante de sensibilidad y especificidad fue el tiempo de equilibrio, que se puede clasificar como la variable con mayor potencial para predecir la presencia o no de EP; el punto de cohorte encontrado para esta variable fue de 0,48 segundos. El análisis cinemático de la marcha tiene una alta sensibilidad y especificidad en la identificación de individuos con EP comparados a individuos sanos por medio del tiempo de equilibrio, que es menor en el grupo afectado por la enfermedad (cohorte de 0,48 segundos).

The insertion of functional groups in polymer compounds may facilitate their interaction with different drugs. PEG polymers are widely used for their low melting point, low toxicity, drug compatibility, and hydrophilicity. They are used as pharmaceutical excipients for the formulation of conventional or modified released drugs and are designed to be upgraded as drug-modulating controllers at specific sites in the body. Indomethacin has been used in the controlled release of drugs because it is a drug that have good interaction with different polymers. The drug is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, spondylitis, and other disorders. In this work, PEG 4000 had its chain modified by organic reactions and their derivatives were emulsified to form microparticles using polyvinyl alcohol as an emulsifier. Posteriorly were also incorporated with indomethacin. The samples were characterized to prove the influence of indomethacin on the morphology and thermal behavior of this polymer. The controlled release was performed in the time from 0 to 240 min using the Ultraviolet Spectroscopy to quantify indomethacin released from the polymer matrix for these 4 hours. Releases over the time were satisfactory as concentrations increased over time, which we can conclude that the structural modification of PEG 4000 was beneficial in the release of the indomethacin drug.